The Justuju Model
How the generative-AI stack fits together, from power plants to the apps you use.
Nine layers, from Layer 1 at the bottom to Layer 9 at the top. Each layer uses the one below it.
Layer 9 · Applications & Interfaces
Where people meet AI: chat assistants, copilots inside existing tools, and specialised apps.
Layer 8 · Agents
Systems that pursue a goal over many steps: plan, act with tools, check the result, repeat.
Layer 7 · Orchestration & Tooling
The glue around a model call: prompts, retrieval, tools, frameworks, evaluation and guardrails.
Layer 6 · Inference & Optimization
Running trained models quickly and cheaply for real users: serving, APIs, compression and caching.
Layer 5 · Foundation Models
Large neural networks trained on broad data that can be adapted to many tasks.
Layer 4 · Data
The text, code, images and feedback that models learn from, and how it's collected, cleaned and licensed.
Layer 3 · Cloud & Infrastructure
Turns racks of chips into rentable, schedulable clusters for training and serving models.
Layer 2 · Compute Hardware
The chips that do the maths: GPUs and other accelerators, their fast memory, and the links between them.
Layer 1 · Physical & Energy
The power, cooling, buildings and chip factories that everything else physically runs on.