# The AI landscape

URL: https://justuju.org/landscape/

Who leads each of the nine layers of the AI stack and how mature it is.

| Layer | Key players | Maturity |
|---|---|---|
| Layer 9 · Applications & Interfaces | ChatGPT, Gemini, Microsoft 365 Copilot, Claude, Doubao, Perplexity, Cursor | 70 Mature |
| Layer 8 · Agents | Claude Code, OpenAI Codex, GitHub Copilot coding agent, OpenHands, OpenClaw, Salesforce Agentforce | 40 Growing |
| Layer 7 · Orchestration & Tooling | Model Context Protocol (MCP), LangChain / LangGraph, LlamaIndex, pgvector, Pinecone, Langfuse | 50 Growing |
| Layer 6 · Inference & Optimization | vLLM, SGLang, llama.cpp, Ollama, Amazon Bedrock, OpenRouter, Together AI | 80 Mature |
| Layer 5 · Foundation Models | OpenAI, Anthropic, Google DeepMind, xAI, DeepSeek, Alibaba (Qwen), Mistral AI | 70 Mature |
| Layer 4 · Data | Common Crawl, Hugging Face, Scale AI, Reddit, Wikimedia Enterprise | 60 Growing |
| Layer 3 · Cloud & Infrastructure | AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud, Oracle Cloud, CoreWeave, Nebius, Kubernetes, Slurm | 80 Mature |
| Layer 2 · Compute Hardware | NVIDIA, AMD, Google (TPU), AWS (Trainium), Huawei (Ascend), SK hynix, Samsung, Micron | 70 Mature |
| Layer 1 · Physical & Energy | TSMC, ASML, Samsung Foundry, Constellation Energy, Equinix, Schneider Electric, Vertiv | 80 Mature |

## How these are measured

- **Key players**: Organisations and open projects that matter most in each layer, with one line on what each does there. A sourced editorial selection, ordered roughly by importance; not a ranking, and shares appear only where a source gives them.
- **Maturity**: A 0–100 score from five yes / partial / no questions about the layer. An editorial assessment using a fixed formula, not a market measurement.

Maturity formula: `score = 100 × (sum of answers) ÷ 5, where yes = 1, partial = 0.5, no = 0`

1. Standards: Are there established open standards or widely shared formats?
2. Choice: Do three or more vendors or projects offer interchangeable options?
3. Stable interfaces: Have the core interfaces stayed compatible for 12 months or more?
4. Adoption: Is it in broad production use across industries?
5. Settled practice: Has the recommended way of doing things been stable for 12 months or more?

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